Sacha Bourgeois-Gironde (2024). Comment le droit nous rapproche de la nature. PUF.

Résumé :
L’une des fonctions classiques du droit est de rendre possible la coexistence entre les membres de la société. La crise environnementale fait apparaître l’une de ses fonctions encore plus essentielles : veiller à ce que le monde reste habitable. Le droit de l’environnement a-t-il les ressources techniques et conceptuelles adaptées pour le garantir ? L'auteur propose des pistes différentes. En premier lieu, le droit peut créer des droits et les conférer à des entités naturelles non-humaines. Elles acquièrent alors une représentation légale. Ce mouvement a pris une importance internationale dans les dernières années. D’autres pistes internes sont à étudier. Des domaines du droit a priori étrangers à la protection de l’environnement peuvent y contribuer de manière innovante : les droits de succession, si l’on considère la terre comme possédant ses occupants plutôt que l’inverse ; le droit de la santé, si l’on considère l’air que l’on respire comme un prolongement de notre corps ; ou le droit de la propriété intellectuelle appliqué aux productions de la nature. Ce livre montre comment le droit contient les ressources d’une relation renouvelée avec les entités de la nature.

Maxime Cauté, Emmanuel Chemla, Philippe Schlenker (2024). Inconsistent effects of components as evidence for non-compositionality in chimpanzee face-gesture combinations? A response to Oña et al (2019) PeerJ. 12:e16800, doi:10.7717/peerj.16800

Using field observations from a sanctuary, Oña and colleagues (DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7623) investigated the semantics of face-gesture combinations in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). The response of the animals to these signals was encoded as a binary measure: positive interactions such as approaching or grooming were considered affiliative; ignoring or attacking was considered non-affiliative. The relevant signals are illustrated in Fig. 1 (https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7623/fig-1), together with the outcome in terms of average affiliativeness. The authors observe that there seems to be no systematicity in the way the faces modify the responses to the gestures, sometimes reducing affiliativeness, sometimes increasing it. A strong interpretation of this result would be that the meaning of a gesture-face combination cannot be derived from the meaning of the gesture and the meaning of the face, that is, the interpretation of chimpanzees’ face-gesture combinations are non compositional in nature. We will revisit this conclusion: we will exhibit simple compositional systems which, after all, may be plausible. At the methodological level, we argue that it is critical to lay out the theoretical options explicitly for a complete comparison of their pros and cons.

Théo Desbordes, Jean-Rémi King, Stanislas Dehaene (2024). Tracking the neural codes for words and phrases during semantic composition, working-memory storage, and retrieval. Cell Reports, Volume 43, Issue 3, 113847, ISSN 2211-1247. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113847.

Résumé:
The ability to compose successive words into a meaningful phrase is a characteristic feature of human cognition, yet its neural mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here, we analyze the cortical mechanisms of semantic composition using magnetoencephalography (MEG) while participants read one-word, two-word, and five-word noun phrases and compared them with a subsequent image. Decoding of MEG signals revealed three processing stages. During phrase comprehension, the representation of individual words was sustained for a variable duration depending on phrasal context. During the delay period, the word code was replaced by a working-memory code whose activation increased with semantic complexity. Finally, the speed and accuracy of retrieval depended on semantic complexity and was faster for surface than for deep semantic properties. In conclusion, we propose that the brain initially encodes phrases using factorized dimensions for successive words but later compresses them in working memory and requires a period of decompression to access them.

Marvin Lavechin, Maureen de Seyssel, Marianne Métais, Florian Metze, Abdelrahman Mohamed, Hervé Bredin, Emmanuel Dupoux, Alejandrina Cristia (2024). Modeling early phonetic acquisition from child-centered audio data, Cognition, 245, 105734, ISSN 0010-0277, doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105734.

Résumé :
Infants learn their native language(s) at an amazing speed. Before they even talk, their perception adapts to the language(s) they hear. However, the mechanisms responsible for this perceptual attunement and the circumstances in which it takes place remain unclear. This paper presents the first attempt to study perceptual attunement using ecological child-centered audio data. We show that a simple prediction algorithm exhibits perceptual attunement when applied on unrealistic clean audio-book data, but fails to do so when applied on ecologically-valid child-centered data. In the latter scenario, perceptual attunement only emerges when the prediction mechanism is supplemented with inductive biases that force the algorithm to focus exclusively on speech segments while learning speaker-, pitch-, and room-invariant representations. We argue these biases are plausible given previous research on infants and non-human animals. More generally, we show that what our model learns and how it develops through exposure to speech depends exquisitely on the details of the input signal. By doing so, we illustrate the importance of considering ecologically valid input data when modeling language acquisition.

Frédérique de Vignemont (2024). Fear beyond danger. Mind & Language.

Résumé :
Many agree that the more we feel that we can handle a given situation, the less afraid we are. But why? Is the situation no longer dangerous or is fear a response to more than danger? Here I analyze situations in which one reacts in cold blood to danger and argue that the formal object of fear is not the dangerous, but the unsafe. The unsafe indicates not only how the world is, but also how it can be handled. Safety, and its negative counterpart, are characterized by their duality, both evaluative (is the snake dangerous?) and agentive (is it under control?).

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